Catherine the Great, whose reign spanned from 1762 to 1796, was one of Russia's most influential and remarkable monarchs. Born in Stettin, Prussia (modern-day Szczecin, Poland) in 1729 as Sophie Friederike Auguste, she married into the Russian royal family and became Empress of Russia following a coup that overthrew her husband, Peter III. Catherine's rule is characterized by several key elements: Enlightenment Empress: Catherine was an avid patron of the Enlightenment, promoting education and culture throughout Russia. She corresponded with prominent Enlightenment philosophers like Voltaire and Denis Diderot, and she supported the arts, literature, and education. Expanding Russia's Borders: Under Catherine's rule, Russia expanded its territory significantly. Her military campaigns included the annexation of Crimea and the incorporation of large parts of Ukraine, Belarus, and the Black Sea coast. She also consolidated Russia's hold over Alaska, which was later sold to the United States. Modernizing Reforms: Catherine introduced a series of legal and administrative reforms aimed at modernizing Russia's government and legal system. Her Nakaz (Instruction) of 1767 attempted to establish a legal code based on Enlightenment principles. Cultural Renaissance: Catherine's reign was a time of cultural flourishing. She founded the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg and amassed an extensive art collection, which laid the foundation for one of the world's most renowned art museums. She also encouraged the development of Russian literature and theater. Pugachev's Rebellion: Her reign faced challenges, including the Pugachev Rebellion of 1773-1775, a massive peasant uprising led by Emelian Pugachev, who claimed to be her deceased husband, Peter III. Legacy: Catherine's reign is considered a pivotal period in Russian history. She is often remembered for her enlightened despotism, territorial expansion, and cultural contributions. However, her rule was not without controversy, as her reforms often favored the nobility and the nobility, and she continued the institution of serfdom. Catherine the Great remains an enduring and complex figure in history, remembered for her contributions to Russia's cultural and political landscape during the 18th century.